Abstract
Cov txheej txheem photovoltaic loj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev faib hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv hauv ntau lub zog hauv zos. Tswj cov microgrids, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yuav ua li cas lawv cuam tshuam nrog cov kab sib chaws loj, tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim. Qhov no yuav tsum muaj kev tswj xyuas meej txog cov peev txheej txuas ntxiv mus. Kab lus no qhia txog cov hom DC-DC converters siv nyob rau hauv microgrids thiab tshaj tawm txoj kev faib tawm tshiab. Kab lus no qhia txog kev tswj hwm thev naus laus zis ntawm DC-DC converters hauv DC microgrids thiab tham txog qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj no.
Nrog rau qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv dua tshiab hauv lub zog hluav taws xob, kev tswj xyuas hluav taws xob tau dhau los ua qhov teeb meem loj. Kab lus no qhia txog ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tswj fais fab. Thaum kawg, DC microgrid system suav nrog lub hnub ci zog, cua turbines, thiab roj teeb tau simulated siv MATLAB / Simulink software, thiab nws cov kev ua tau zoo tau soj ntsuam.
Cias muab, tsab xov xwm no yog hais txog yuav ua li cas kom tswj tau zoo dua thiab tswj cov microgrids uas siv lub zog tauj dua tshiab, thiab tseem siv software los simulate xws li ib qho system kom pom tias nws zoo npaum li cas.
1. Taw qhia
Microgrids tuaj yeem txo qis kev sib kis thiab daws teeb meem hluav taws xob, suav nrog cov thev naus laus zis xws li photovoltaics thiab micro turbines, uas yuav tsum muaj lub zog hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob los txuas rau daim phiaj. Lub zog tauj dua tshiab raws li DC microgrid muaj DC busbars, photovoltaic panels, cua turbines, fais fab hluav taws xob converters, hybrid zog cia systems, thiab DC loads. Nws muaj qhov zoo ntawm ntau theem hluav taws xob thiab kev ua haujlwm siab, thiab DC system yog qhov txaus nyiam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, kev tswj xyuas, thiab kev hloov pauv. Txawm li cas los xij, DC microgrids ntsib cov teeb meem xws li lub zog tas li thiab lub zog pulse loads, yuav tsum muaj kev tswj hwm qib siab los txhim kho kev xa hluav taws xob, xyuas kom muaj hluav taws xob, thiab ua tiav kev lag luam.
Daim duab 1. Kev faib tawm txawv ntawm microgrids.
Daim duab 2. General DC microgrid.
Daim duab 3. Hom AC microgrid.
Daim duab 4. Hybrid microgrid.
Daim duab 5. Ib xyoos ib zaug ntawm cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm ntawm DC microgrids nyob rau kaum xyoo dhau los.
Structure thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus no:Tsab ntawv xov xwm no yuav nthuav tawm qhov kev faib tawm tshiab los ntawm kev kawm tag nrho cov topology thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm DC-DC converters hauv DC microgrids. Cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no suav nrog: sib tham txog cov lus piav qhia ntawm DC microgrids hauv Tshooj 2; Tshooj 3 piav qhia txog cov hom kev hloov pauv uas muaj nyob hauv microgrids; Tshooj 4 muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj rau DC-DC converters hauv DC microgrids; Tshooj 5 qhia txog kev tswj fais fab rau DC microgrids; Tshooj 6 nthuav qhia kev txhim kho kho vajtse hauv thaj tsam ntawm DC-DC converters rau microgrid daim ntaub ntawv; Tshooj 7 nthuav tawm simulation thiab tsom xam ntawm DC microgrids raug; Nqe 8 qhia qhov xaus.
2. Cov yam ntxwv muaj feem xyuam rau DC microgrids
Qhov zoo thiab daim ntawv thov scenarios ntawm DC microgrids:Nrog rau kev tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thev naus laus zis, DC microgrids tau nyiam cov xim vim lawv cov kev ntseeg siab thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo. DC microgrids muaj kev nyiam ntau dua hauv cov ntawv thov hauv tsev, chaw nres tsheb hluav taws xob, cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv, thiab lwm yam. Lub caij no, qhov kev thov nce ntxiv rau DC hluav taws xob thauj khoom tau ua rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev tsim hluav taws xob raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob DC zoo nkauj heev.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm DC microgrid:DC microgrid muaj ob txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm: kab sib txuas thiab ywj pheej. Thaum txuas nrog daim phiaj, microgrid txuas nrog DC tsheb npav los ntxiv zog; Thaum ua haujlwm ntawm nws tus kheej, tsis tas yuav tsum tau synchronize nrog cov phiaj xwm loj. Hauv ob qho tib si, ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob tauj dua tshiab thiab lub zog khaws cia nrog rau cov roj teeb thiab supercapacitors txuas nrog microgrid.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub zog khaws cia hauv DC microgrids:Cov roj teeb muaj lub zog siab dua, thiab lawv cov tswj tau siv los tsim lossis nqus tau lub zog khov kho; Supercapacitors muaj lub zog siab ntom ntom ntom, thiab lawv cov tswj hwm tau siv los tsim lossis nqus hluav taws xob. Ob leeg ua haujlwm ua ke hauv microgrids kom muaj zog sib npaug thiab ua haujlwm ruaj khov.
Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Sib Txuas thiab Kev Tswj ntawm DC Microgrids:Lub network faib thiab lub zog cia yog sib txuas los ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob siv DC txuas. Muaj cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev tiv thaiv thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm DC microgrids. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsab xov xwm muab cov ntsiab lus luv luv ntawm kev tswj hwm hauv zos hauv DC microgrids thiab nthuav qhia tag nrho cov qauv ntawm DC microgrids nrog lub zog cia.
3. Topology ntawm DC-DC converters nyob rau hauv DC microgrids
Kev faib tawm thiab ntau yam topologies ntawm DC-DC converters:DC-DC converters tuaj yeem muab faib ua hom tsis cais thiab cais. Hauv DC microgrids, boost, puck boost, thiab puck converters tau dav siv, txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej topology (raws li qhia hauv daim duab 6), kom tau raws li qhov sib txawv voltage hloov dua siab tshiab. Bidirectional cais DC-DC converters feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv DC systems, ntawm cov dual active choj (DAB) DC-DC converters yog ib tug haum xaiv vim lawv txhawb rau bidirectional zog txaus thiab siab zog ceev (saib daim duab 7 rau nws schematic daim duab) , thiab topology ntawm series resonant converters (SRC) kuj tau nyiam cov neeg tshawb fawb ntau.
Daim duab 6. DC-DC converter topology, (A) boost, (B) boost, (C) buck boost.
Daim duab 7. Schematic daim duab ntawm DAB converter.
Kev txhim kho thiab kev siv ntau qhov chaw nres nkoj DC-DC converters:Yuav kom daws tau cov teeb meem ntawm tus nqi siab thiab qhov system poob los ntawm kev siv cov converters, ntau qhov chaw nres nkoj DC-DC converters tau tshwm sim. Nws yog feem ntau siv los txuas ntau lub DC network hauv microgrids, xws li ntau yam topologies tau hais hauv tsab xov xwm (Daim duab 8), uas tuaj yeem hloov kho tau yooj yim txuas cov khoom sib txawv DC thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab tswj DC txuas; Kuj tseem muaj kev cais ob-theem peb qhov chaw nres nkoj converter topologies, thiab lwm yam. Cov chaw nres nkoj sib txawv no tsim nyog rau kev sib koom ua ke ntau lub zog (nrog rau lub zog cia) thiab muaj qhov sib piv ntau dua li cov khoom siv txhawb zog. Lawv muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv DC microgrids, xws li tswj cov supercapacitor voltage, tswj lub zog ntawm cov roj teeb thiab supercapacitors, them cov roj teeb, siv hybrid zog cia system kev koom ua ke, thiab ntsuas lub zog ntws ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv. Cov converters siv hauv DC microgrids feem ntau muab faib ua ob pawg: cais thiab tsis cais (saib daim duab 9 rau kev faib tawm).
Daim duab 8. Schematic daim duab ntawm ntau qhov chaw nres nkoj converter.
Daim duab 9. Kev faib tawm ntawm DC-DC converter topologies siv hauv DC microgrids.
4. Tswj txoj kev ntawm DC-DC converter hauv DC microgrid
Qhov tseem ceeb thiab tag nrho kev faib tawm ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj:Kev tswj ntawm DC microgrids yog ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhawj xeeb rau cov kws tshawb fawb. Txoj kev tswj tag nrho tuaj yeem muab faib ua kev tswj hwm hauv nruab nrab thiab kev faib tawm. Centralized tswj yog tsim rau me me hauv zos microgrids nrog txwv cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg (saib daim duab 10 rau nws txoj kev tswj hwm), thaum tswj kev faib tsis xav tau lub hauv paus tswj (saib daim duab 11).
Daim duab 10. Thaiv daim duab ntawm kev tswj hwm hauv nruab nrab.
Daim duab 11. Thaiv daim duab ntawm kev faib tswj.
Hom thiab yam ntxwv ntawm nonlinear tswj tshuab:Nonlinear tswj thev naus laus zis suav nrog kev tswj hwm tus qauv (MPC), zawv zawg hom tswj (SMC), tswj kev hloov pauv, thiab kev tswj ntse. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau tsom mus rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm MPC nyob rau hauv bidirectional converter tswj ntawm roj teeb lub zog cia systems (BESS) thiab lub hwj chim ntsuas ntawm microgrids. Hauv MPC, qhov zoo tshaj plaws hloov pauv ntawm lub converter yog txiav txim siab los ntawm tus nqi ua haujlwm kom ua tiav qhov kev ua tau zoo (saib daim duab 12 rau nws txoj kev tswj hwm); Hauv kev tswj hwm SMC, cov tswv yim tswj tau tsim ncaj qha rau ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob hloov pauv, nrog cov lus teb nrawm (saib daim duab 13); Adaptive tswj yog tsim nyog rau cov xwm txheej uas lub load thiab input qhov chaw ntawm DC-DC converters sib txawv, thiab tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog ntawm txoj kev tswj hwm (saib daim duab 14). Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev tswj hwm tshiab rau kev tswj hwm lub zog microgrid raws li cov tshuab photovoltaic tau npaj tseg, uas siv lub fuzzy logic controller (FLC) los tswj lub zog ntawm txhua lub inverter (saib daim duab 15).
Daim duab 12. Thaiv daim duab ntawm MPC maub los.
Daim duab 13. Thaiv daim duab ntawm SMC maub los.
Daim duab 14. Thaiv daim duab ntawm kev tswj kom haum.
Daim duab 15. Tswj txoj kev ntawm converter hauv DC microgrid.
5. Lub tswv yim tswj fais fab rau DC microgrid
Qhov tseem ceeb thiab cov teeb meem ntawm kev tswj fais fab:DC microgrids muab kev xaiv tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv thaj chaw deb, yog li lawv txoj kev tswj hwm lub zog tau nyiam ntau yam. Microgrid fais fab kev tswj tau ntsib ntau yam teeb meem, xws li kev hloov pauv ntawm photovoltaic system tso zis hluav taws xob nrog hluav taws xob hloov pauv. Cov yam tseem ceeb no yuav tsum tau xav txog thaum tsim cov kev tswj fais fab kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Nyob rau hauv lub microgrid ywj siab ntawm daim phiaj fais fab, nws tseem yuav tsum tau tswj xyuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm photovoltaic systems, roj teeb lub zog cia systems (BESS), thiab lwm yam units kom ua tiav lub zog sib npaug.
Piv txwv ntawm txawv zog tswj systems thiab algorithms:Lub Roj Teeb Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob (BEMS) rau microgrids, nrog cov tshuab hluav taws xob photovoltaic thiab diesel ua lub zog loj, tuaj yeem txo lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob diesel, txo cov hluav taws xob photovoltaic hloov pauv, tswj ntau hom roj teeb nrog cov yam ntxwv sib txawv, thiab ntev roj teeb lub neej. Ib qho kev tswj hwm lub zog siv los sib npaug ntawm lub zog ntawm photovoltaic thiab BESS systems, thaum txiav txim siab txog lub Xeev Tus Nqi (SoC) txwv ntawm BESS system. Thaum lub roj teeb tawm, lub tshuab hloov hluav taws xob bidirectional hloov kho qhov hluav taws xob tsheb npav DC, thiab qee zaum, lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hloov pauv yuav tsum tau pab lub kaw lus hauv kev khiav hauj lwm hauv Kev Tshaj Tawm Tshaj Tawm Tshaj Tawm (MPPT) hom (saib daim duab 17 rau nws qhov kev ua haujlwm hom). Ib qho kev txawj ntse dynamic zog tswj system rau microgrids, ib txoj kev tswj fais fab rau hybrid photovoltaic / roj teeb systems, thiab lub zog tswj lub tswv yim (PMS) rau kev tswj lub hwj chim ntws ntawm DC microgrids tau raug npaj. Tsab ntawv xov xwm tseem nthuav tawm ntau hom kev ua haujlwm ntawm DC microgrid fais fab kev tswj hwm qhov system (saib daim duab 16), suav nrog kev txwv fais fab hom (LPM) thiab MPPT hom ntawm photovoltaic system, uas tau txiav txim los ntawm lub roj teeb SoC (raws li tau piav qhia hauv daim ntawv qhia ntws hauv Daim duab 17).
Daim duab 16. Flow chart of power management strategy.
Daim duab 17. Fais fab tswj algorithm rau microgrid (A) roj teeb thiab (B) photovoltaic Cheebtsam
6. Kho vajtse txhim kho thiab simulation pov thawj ntawm DC microgrid
Kev siv cov khoom siv hauv lub voj simulation:Kev sib txuas ntawm lub cev nrog cov chaw simulation yog ib lub ntsiab lus tshiab. Hauv kev tshawb fawb microgrid, kev sib piv kho vajtse yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev tswj hwm thiab cov qauv topology. Los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv lub voj (HIL) simulation, DC-DC converter tau siv los txuas cov microgrid rau cov roj cell, ua tiav kev sib txuas lus bidirectional ntawm ib puag ncig simulation thiab lub cev roj cell system. HIL simulation muaj DC-DC converter thiab microgrid (saib daim duab 18).
Daim duab 18. Hardware simulation tau ua nyob rau ntawm DC/DC converter thiab microgrid.
Piv txwv ntawm cov cuab yeej siv kho vajtse rau DC-DC converters:Table 1 hauv kab lus sau ntau yam khoom siv tau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb rau kev siv cov khoom siv kho vajtse ntawm DC-DC converters. Cov cuab yeej no muab kev siv rau kev txhim kho kho vajtse ntawm DC-DC converters hauv microgrids thiab pab ntxiv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev xyaum ntawm DC microgrid technology.
Table 1. Cov cuab yeej siv los siv cov khoom siv kho vajtse ntawm DC-DC converters.
7. Kev tshawb fawb simulation ntawm DC microgrid system
Simulation system muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab parameter nqis:MATLAB software yog siv los simulate DC microgrid system, uas suav nrog photovoltaic system, cua turbine nrog cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov synchronous generator (PMSG), roj teeb, DC-DC bidirectional converter rau kev tswj qhov hluav taws xob, thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws lub zog taw tes nrhiav (MPPT ) system rau cua turbines thiab solar panels. Cov qauv yog pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 19. Lub photovoltaic system muaj 22 lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag txuas nrog hauv series, nrog rau qhov siab tshaj plaws lub zog taw tes voltage thiab tam sim no ntawm 30.3V thiab 7.10A rau txhua lub vaj huam sib luag. DC microgrid tso zis siv cov khoom siv tiv thaiv, thiab lub kaw lus thiab nws cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb tau teev tseg hauv Table 2.
Daim duab 19. Thaiv daim duab ntawm kev kawm DC microgrid.
Table 2. Parameters siv nyob rau hauv DC microgrid simulation.
Simulation Results Display thiab Analysis:Lub kaw lus tau simulated siv MATLAB/Simulink ib puag ncig, thiab daim duab schematic ntawm tag nrho DC microgrid tau muab (saib daim duab 20). Cov zis curves ntawm photovoltaic, roj teeb, thiab cua turbine tau pom (saib daim duab 21), nrog rau cov zis hluav taws xob nkhaus ntawm cua turbine ntawm qhov sib txawv cua nrawm (sawv cev los ntawm cov nqi tsev) (saib daim duab 22), qhov hluav taws xob nkhaus ntawm qhov roj teeb nyob rau hauv qhov ntsuas thiab tso tawm (saib daim duab 23), thiab qhov voltage thiab tam sim no curves ntawm lub kaw lus tso zis load (saib daim duab 24). Hauv kev simulation, lub tshuab cua turbine ua haujlwm ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm 12m / s, nrog lub zog tsim hluav taws xob ntawm 8kW ntawm qhov ntsuas cua ceev, thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob photovoltaic muaj lub zog ntsuas ntawm 4.6kW. Lub bidirectional converter siv nyob rau hauv lub roj teeb seem tuaj yeem ua tiav kev them nyiaj thiab tawm haujlwm. Cov txiaj ntsig simulation no tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas thiab ntsuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm DC microgrid system.
Daim duab 20. Simulation qauv ntawm DC microgrid siv MATLAB/simulation txuas.
Daim duab 21. Cov txiaj ntsig simulation qhia tias (A) Vpv, (B) Ipv, (C) Ppv, (D) cua turbine torque Te, Tm, (E) cua ceev, (F) DC tsheb npav voltage, thiab (G) Lub xeev them nqi (SOC) ntawm lub roj teeb rechargeable.
Daim duab 22. Cov txiaj ntsig simulation qhia tau hais tias lub zog turbine tso zis (pu) ntawm qhov sib txawv turbine ceev (pu).
Daim duab 23. Cov txiaj ntsig simulation qhia tau hais tias lub roj teeb hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ib txwm nyob hauv hom tawm.
Daim duab 24. Cov txiaj ntsig simulation qhia tau tias cov zis load (A) voltage ntawm DC microgrid thiab cov zis load (B) tam sim no ntawm DC microgrid.
8. Cov ntsiab lus
Tsab ntawv xov xwm no qhia meej txog cov topology, tswj txoj hauv kev, thiab ntau yam kev tswj hwm lub zog ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm DC-DC converters hauv DC microgrids, thaum tseem kawm txog cov khoom siv hauv DC-DC converters hauv microgrids.
Cov yam ntxwv thiab kev xav tau ntawm microgrids:Qhov nyuaj ntawm microgrids txiav txim siab lawv qhov xav tau rau digital automation thiab kev tswj xyuas ntse kom dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog thiab txhim khu kev qha rau cov kab sib chaws ib txwm muaj. Kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis ua rau kev tswj hwm lub zog siv hluav taws xob los tswj ntau yam khoom thiab cov xwm txheej sib txawv, ua kom zoo dua kev ntseeg siab thiab tus nqi. Kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo xws li cov roj teeb hauv microgrids tuaj yeem ua kom tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev xav tau ntawm lub zog, thiab kev siv lub zog tauj dua tshiab los muab lub zog rau cov cheeb tsam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ib puag ncig thiab muaj txiaj ntsig kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntsig txog DC-DC converters:Hauv kev ywj pheej DC microgrid, DC-DC converters tuaj yeem ua tiav qib sib txawv ntawm qhov hluav taws xob nce thiab poob. Cov converters uas tsis raug rho tawm muaj tsawg dua thiab tsim nyog dua li cov converters cais. Muaj ntau lub tswv yim rau kev tswj cov converters hauv microgrids, thiab linear tswj tshuab tsis tuaj yeem ua kom ruaj khov ua haujlwm. Cov txheej txheem qib siab xws li kev tswj hwm tus qauv (MPC), zawv zawg hom tswj (SMC), thiab kev tswj fuzzy tau raug coj los siv.
Xaus ntawm Kev Tswj Kev Sib Piv:Ib qho kev tsom xam thiab kev sib piv ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj tau ua nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm. Advanced ntse tswj txoj kev muaj robustness tiv thaiv impedance instability. Nyob rau hauv DC-DC converters ntawm DC microgrids, ntse controllers muaj kev ceev thiab raug zoo piv rau lwm yam kev tswj algorithms.