Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, qhov kev thov rau high-zog ceev lithium roj teeb tau txuas ntxiv nce hauv thaj chaw xws li tsheb hluav taws xob, aerospace, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj. Txawm hais tias cov khoom lag luam lithium-ion roj teeb tau siv dav hauv cov neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab kev thauj mus los, lawv nyuaj rau ib txhij ua kom tau raws li kev lag luam xav tau kom muaj zog ntau dua, lub neej ntev dua, thiab kev ruaj ntseg ib puag ncig. Txhawm rau txhim kho lub zog ceev ntawm cov roj teeb, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua hauj lwm ua ke los ntawm cov khoom siv tseem ceeb (zoo electrode, tsis zoo electrode, electrolyte) thiab tag nrho cov ntim tsim.
Tam sim no, muaj ob txoj hauv kev thev naus laus zis hauv kev lag luam txhawm rau txhim kho lub zog ceev: ib qho yog ua kom muaj kev txhim kho huab cua lithium roj teeb, suav nrog ntau dua cov ntsiab lus nickel zoo electrodes, silicon-based lossis lithium hlau tsis zoo electrodes, thinner lossis txawm tias tsis muaj cov khoom sib cais, lwm yam; Qhov thib ob yog tag nrho cov khoom hauv lub xeev lossis "quasi solid state" thev naus laus zis, uas hloov cov kua electrolytes ib txwm ua kom tau txais kev siv ntim zoo dua thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb dua qub. Txawm li cas los xij, yav dhau los ntsib cov teeb meem xws li kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo thiab kev puas tsuaj sai, thaum lub sijhawm tom kawg tseem tsis tau tawg tag nrho los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom loj, cov khoom siv sib xws, thiab kev tswj hwm tus nqi. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev xav tau sib txawv tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej rau kev tsim roj teeb raws li kev thauj khoom thiab ntau yam kev xav tau ntawm cov ntawv thov sib txawv (xws li lub zog tshiab, drones, aircraft, thiab lwm yam): qee qhov chaw hais txog lub zog ceev thiab kev nyab xeeb, thaum lwm tus tsom ntau dua. ntawm lub zog tshwj xeeb kom nthuav dav thiab txo qhov hnyav tag nrho.
1. Theoretical hauv paus thiab tsim cov tswv yim
1.1 Theoretical sab sauv txwv thiab limiting yam ntawm lub zog ceev
Thaum tsim cov roj teeb lithium uas muaj zog, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum xub txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau lub zog ceev (Wh / kg lossis Wh / L) ntawm lub roj teeb ntawm tes, suav nrog lub peev xwm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab tsis zoo, kev ua haujlwm. voltage, electrode piv (N / P piv), feem ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab cov qauv ntim.
Ntawm cov khoom siv, muaj peev xwm zoo electrodes (xws li lithium manganese nplua nuj, NCM811, thiab txawm tias Li-O2 tshuab nrog ultra-siab theoretical peev) thiab muaj peev xwm tsis zoo electrodes (silicon carbon, ntshiab lithium hlau, lossis hlau alloys) tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog ceev ntawm ib tus neeg lub hlwb, tab sis ob qho tib si yuav ntsib teeb meem ntawm lub voj voog lub neej thiab kev nyab xeeb;
Kev cuam tshuam thiab sab nraud: Cov tshuab hluav taws xob muaj zog siab feem ntau txhais tau tias xav tau ntau dua kev ua haujlwm voltages thiab ntau cov qauv compact, ua rau cov electrode / electrolyte interface ua rau tsis ruaj tsis khov sab cuam tshuam xws li roj tsim thiab hlau ion tawg;
Cov qauv tsim: Ultra nyias lossis txawm tias tshem tawm daim nyias nyias, nyias nyias cov khoom siv tam sim no (tooj liab ntawv ci, aluminium ntawv ci), los yog siv lub teeb yuag tuaj yeem txo qhov feem ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog, tab sis tib lub sijhawm, cov kev xav tau siab dua tau muab tso rau ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab kev tswj hwm kev nyab xeeb.
Hauv ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam, cov qauv siv roj teeb tuaj yeem ua tiav raws li cov txheej txheem txheej txheem: thawj zaug teeb tsa lub zog ceev (xws li 500 Wh / kg, 700 Wh / kg, lossis txawm tias 1000 Wh / kg), thiab tom qab ntawd txiav cov khoom siv thiab Cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo, xws li qhov zoo thiab tsis zoo electrode load, feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv, electrode thickness, cais hom, thiab lwm yam. Raws li lub hom phiaj tus nqi nce, cov khoom siv feem ntau evolves los ntawm graphite / NCM811 mus rau Si-C / siab npib tsib xee NCM, ces mus rau Li hlau / lithium nplua nuj zoo electrode, thiab thaum kawg txuas mus rau cov ntawv txiav-ntug xws li tag nrho cov khoom hauv lub xeev roj teeb lossis lithium sulfur, lithium cua, thiab lwm yam.
1.2 Liquid to Solid State: Evolution and Challenges
Daim ntawv qhia tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov thev naus laus zis evolution los ntawm cov kua mus rau tag nrho cov khoom hauv lub xeev:
Cov roj teeb ua kua muaj zog: Ultra high nickel NCMs (xws li NCM9 series) feem ntau yog siv, ua ke nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lossis cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm sib cais thiab ultra-thin tsis zoo electrode coatings los txo qhov kev poob qis. Qee cov tswv yim txawm qhia cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv zos los txhim kho kev nyab xeeb;
Quasi khoom lub xeev roj teeb: siv gel lossis qee cov khoom siv electrolytes tov nrog cov kua electrolytes kom tswj tau cov ionic conductivity siab, thiab tseem los txhim kho cov teeb meem dendrite los ntawm ntau dhau lithium deposition ntawm sab tsis zoo;
Txhua lub peev txheej hauv lub xeev: ua tiav cov kua electrolytes nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tab sis loj dua hluav taws xob thiab kev sib tw loj dua yog tseem muaj teeb meem kev nyuaj.
Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, tag nrho cov kev daws teeb meem hauv lub xeev yog nkag siab ntau ntxiv rau cov kev ua kom tiav thiab muaj kev sib tw ua tiav kom ua tiav ion zoo thiab kaw interface kev sib cuag. Lub caij no, lithium tsis zoo electrodes yog feem ntau cuam tshuam cov kev cuam tshuam xws li siab impedance interface txheej (SCL) los yog kev ntxhov siab vim kev tawg nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov khoom hauv lub xeev, uas yuav txwv lawv lub neej voj voog thiab kev ua haujlwm.
2. Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob: Cov Hluav Taws Xob Zoo, Cov Hluav Taws Xob Tsis Zoo, thiab Electrolyte
2.1 High nickel zoo electrode thiab lithium nplua nuj zoo electrode
(1) High nickel ternary (NCM, NCA)
Lub siab nickel system (NCM811, NCM9 series) tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj teeb muaj zog ua kua tam sim no vim nws lub peev xwm thim rov qab ntawm 200+mAh / g. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov ntsiab lus npib tsib xee ntxiv ntxiv, cov qauv kev ruaj ntseg, thermal stability, thiab kev cuam tshuam sab cuam tshuam yuav deteriorate. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov kev daws teeb meem, suav nrog cov txheej txheej saum npoo av (xws li Al ₂ O3, ZrO ₂), doping (xws li Mg, Al), thiab cov qauv siv lead ua ib leeg, txhawm rau txo qis kev hloov pauv thiab microcrack tsim, yog li txuas ntxiv lub neej voj voog.
(2) nplua nuj lithium manganese raws li / nplua nuj lithium oxide
Cov ntaub ntawv nplua nuj lithium manganese raws li cov ntaub ntawv (Li ₁ ₂Mn₀. ₅₅Ni₀. ₁₅Co₀. Theoretical muaj peev xwm ntawm (₁₀₂, thiab lwm yam) tuaj yeem tshaj 300 mAh / g, thiab txawm tias ncav cuag tshaj 350 mAh / g, tab sis muaj teeb meem loj heev. thawj lub lim tiam, voltage ploj, thiab Kev ua haujlwm qis, uas yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo dua kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob hauv particle morphology, doping, thiab kev hloov kho deg Cov kab lus tham txog yuav ua li cas sib txuas xws li "lithium nplua nuj cathodes" nrog lithium hlau los yog silicon-based cathodes thiab stacking lawv nrog tag nrho cov khoom hauv lub xeev electrolytes. txhawm rau nrhiav cov ntsiab lus sib npaug tshiab hauv lub zog ntom ntom ntawm 700-800 Wh/kg lossis siab dua.
2.2 Tsis zoo electrode: los ntawm graphite mus rau silicon-raws li thiab ces mus rau lithium hlau
(1) Graphite thiab nws cov kev hloov kho
Ib txwm siv graphite tsis zoo electrodes muaj qhov zoo xws li kev caij tsheb kauj vab ruaj khov thiab cov cuab yeej paub tab, tab sis lawv lub peev xwm tshwj xeeb (txog 372 mAh / g) tsis txaus los ua kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj zog dua. Kev sib ntxiv ntawm silicon micro hmoov los yog silicon oxide tuaj yeem ua kom muaj peev xwm, tab sis nws kuj ua rau muaj kev nthuav dav thiab kev cuam tshuam sab nraud.
(2) Silicon raws li tsis zoo electrode
Lub peev xwm theoretical tshwj xeeb ntawm silicon-raws li tsis zoo electrode tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau dua 3500 mAh / g. Yog tias nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov ntim nthuav dav thiab tuav ruaj khov SEI zaj duab xis, lub zog ceev tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo. Qee cov roj teeb lag luam tau sim ua kom sib xyaw 5-10% silicon rau hauv qhov tsis zoo electrode kom muaj peev xwm. Txawm li cas los xij, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb tseem yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rau qhov sib txuam nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub xeev electrolytes, kev nthuav dav kev ntxhov siab, thiab kev saib xyuas cov kev sib txuas lus hauv cov cheeb tsam silicon.
(3) Lithium hlau
Nyob rau hauv lub xeev zoo tagnrho, lub peev xwm theoretical (3860 mAh / g) thiab kev ua haujlwm muaj peev xwm ntawm lithium hlau tsis zoo electrode yog ze rau 0 V, uas yuav txhim kho lub zog ceev ntawm tag nrho cov pob. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj kev loj hlob ntawm dendrites, ntim hloov pauv, thiab cov kev cuam tshuam sab nraud, cov roj teeb lithium hlau hauv cov kua dej feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv chav kuaj. Cov khoom hauv lub xeev electrolytes tuaj yeem ua rau qee qhov txwv kev nthuav dav dendrite thiab txo cov kev cuam tshuam sab, tab sis lawv xav tau cov txheej txheem siab heev thiab tseem yuav tsum tau daws cov teeb meem ntawm "elastic matching" thiab "tag nrho lub neej kev nyab xeeb".
2.3 Electrolyte: los ntawm cov kua, organic gel rau khoom
Liquid electrolyte: High voltage stability yog feem ntau yuav tsum tau rau high-zog roj teeb, thiab ntxiv phosphate los yog lwm yam tshiab additives yuav txhim khu kev ruaj ntseg interface. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li qhov hluav taws xob nce mus rau 4.5-4.8 V, cov kev tawm tsam sab nraud thiab cov roj tso tawm ua kom pom tseeb dua;
Polymer electrolyte: Nws muaj cov yas thiab qee yam kev nyab xeeb, tab sis nws cov ionic conductivity yog qhov nyuaj kom phim cov kua hauv lub xeev, thiab feem ntau yog siv hauv nruab nrab lossis kub kub;
Sulfide khoom electrolyte: Cov ntaub ntawv sawv cev xws li Li ₁₀ GeP ₂ S ₁₂ (LGPS) muaj ion conductivity piv rau cov kua hauv lub xeev, tab sis yog cov rhiab heev rau cov chaw ntub dej thiab muaj teeb meem xws li H ₂ S tiam;
Oxide khoom electrolytes, xws li LLZO (Li ₇ La ∝ Zr ₂ O ₁ ₂), muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo thiab tsis tshua muaj siab rau huab cua, tab sis qhov kub thiab txias sintering yog siab thiab qhov cuam tshuam impedance nyuaj rau kev tswj.
Cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias cov khoom siv electrolytes sib txawv yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov xwm txheej sib txawv, thiab nws yog qhov nyuaj rau "cov khoom zoo meej" kom ua tiav kev lag luam hauv lub sijhawm luv. Qhov tseem ceeb tseem nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb (automotive, aviation, lossis lub zog cia) thiab cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ntau lawm.
3. Kev tsim qauv tsim thiab kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov roj teeb uas muaj zog heev
3.1 Stacking / winding thiab ncej thickness
Txawm hais tias nws yog cov kua lossis cov roj teeb hauv lub xeev, cov qauv ntawm tes feem ntau sib sau ua ke los ntawm kev sib tsoo lossis winding. Yuav kom ua tiav lub zog siab ceev, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los nce cov ncov qaumteb qabteb thiab txo cov ntim tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Txawm li cas los xij, kev thauj khoom ntau dhau tuaj yeem yooj yim ua rau kev thauj mus los hauv ion tsis zoo, nce polarization, thiab nce cua sov. Yog li, daim ntawv qhia txog kev ua kom tsis zoo xws li N / P piv thiab electrode compaction ceev kom sib npaug ntawm qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo electrode capacities thaum zam kev tsis sib xws los ntawm cov hlau electrode tuab heev.
3.2 Diaphragm, tam sim no collector thiab ntim
Diaphragm: Ultra nyias los yog functionally coated separators feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv high-zog roj teeb, thiab txawm tias solid-state batteries yuav tshem tawm cov tsoos separators. Tab sis kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab ruaj khov ion txoj hauv kev, qhov sib npaug yuav tsum pom ntawm "thickness" thiab "puncture resistance";
Cov khoom siv tam sim no: Txo cov tuab ntawm aluminium ntawv ci thiab tooj liab ntawv ci los yog hloov lawv nrog sib dua, muaj zog hlau ntawv ci yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev txo qhov hnyav;
Kev ntim khoom thiab kev tswj xyuas thermal: Raws li lub peev xwm thiab lub zog nce, kev tswj xyuas thermal ua qhov tseem ceeb dua. Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov roj teeb hauv lub xeev muaj qhov ntsuas kub siab dua rau cov thermal khiav tawm, lawv tseem yuav tsum tau txhim kho lawv cov cua sov dissipation thiab mechanical buffering qauv.
4. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab kev kawm ua tau
4.1 Kev txhim kho loj ntawm cov roj teeb ua kua
Txhawm rau ua tiav cov kua dej ntawm 500 Wh / kg lossis ntau dua ntawm cov kab ntau lawm, kev siv zog feem ntau yog ua hauv cov hauv qab no:
High load electrodes (>4-5 mAh/cm ²) yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis rau txheej txheej uniformity thiab ziab;
Ultra nyias daim nyias nyias thiab lub teeb yuag tam sim no sau, xws li 5 µm tooj liab ntawv, 9 µm txhuas ntawv ci, 12 µm lossis txawm 9 µm daim nyias nyias;
N / P piv: Txo qhov tsis zoo electrode kom tsim nyog;
Tsis tshua muaj electrolyte ntxiv: Txo cov kua seem ntawm daim kab xev los yog lub tshuab nqus tsev infiltration txheej txheem.
Los ntawm qhov "kev khawb mus rau qhov txwv" txoj hauv kev, qee lub tuam txhab tuaj yeem tsim 18650/2170 cylindrical lossis hnab roj teeb nrog lub zog ntom ntom ntawm kwv yees li 350-400 Wh / kg hauv ib puag ncig tshwj xeeb, tab sis lawv lub neej voj voog thiab kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb yuav tsum tau ua ntxiv. optimized.
4.2 Teeb meem hauv Cov Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem
Kev npaj cov khoom hauv lub xeev electrolyte: Sulfides xav tau ib qho chaw inert thiab qhuav, thaum oxides yuav tsum tau kub-kub sintering thiab nyuaj rau kev npaj;
Stacked pressing: It is often carried out under high pressure (>100 MPa), thiab kev sib cuag txaus ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau;
Kev kho tsis zoo electrode: Yog tias siv lithium ntawv ci lossis ultra-nyias lithium, ntawm ib sab, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom tsis txhob sib cuag nrog dej thiab oxygen, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, cov ntaub ntawv foil nws tus kheej yog nquag tawg lossis wrinkling.
Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov khoom siv hauv lub xeev theoretical tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov xav tsis thoob lub zog ntawm 600-1000 Wh / kg, qhov nyuaj thiab tus nqi ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm tseem siab. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias txhawm rau kom ua tiav daim ntawv thov loj ntawm tag nrho cov roj teeb hauv lub xeev nyob rau hauv 5-10 xyoo tom ntej, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tshawb fawb txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv, tshuab molding, interface engineering, thiab kev tswj lub voj voog.
5. Daim ntawv thov kev cia siab: los ntawm lub tsheb fais fab mus rau lub dav hlau
Daim ntawv qhia tau hais tias cov kev siv tau ntawm cov roj teeb uas muaj zog heev tsis txwv rau cov tsheb hluav taws xob, tab sis kuj suav nrog cov tsheb tsis muaj neeg tsav dav hlau (UAVs), hluav taws xob ntsug nqa thiab tsaws tsheb (eVTOLs), me me manned aircraft, thiab spacecraft. Cov xwm txheej no xav tau lub zog ntau dua thiab lub zog tshwj xeeb ntawm lub roj teeb, nrog rau kev txwv nruj dua ntawm kev nyab xeeb thiab ntim.
Drones thiab lub dav hlau luv luv: Cov roj teeb siab nickel ua kua nrog silicon-raws li tsis zoo electrodes los yog hloov mus rau quasi khoom lub xeev cov roj teeb yuav nyiam kom ua tiav ntev zog thaum ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb;
Cov neeg caij dav hlau loj: Tam sim no, nws tseem nyuaj rau kev vam khom lub zog ntawm lub roj teeb, tab sis "roj teeb + roj cell" hybrid lossis "hybrid" cov kev daws teeb meem maj mam tshwm sim. Thaum tag nrho cov khoom siv hauv lub xeev lossis ultra-siab lub zog roj teeb thev naus laus zis loj hlob tuaj, aviation emissions txo thiab kev nyab xeeb yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo heev.
Tsis tas li ntawd, tsab xov xwm luv luv hais tias nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm loj-scale cia lub zog (cua zog, photovoltaic grid kev twb kev txuas), siab zog ceev yuav txo tau cov av ua hauj lwm thiab cov nqi tsim kho. Yog tias kev nyab xeeb thiab tus nqi tuaj yeem ua tiav ib txhij, txhua txoj hauv kev hauv lub xeev kuj muaj peev xwm loj heev.
6. Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm Cov Txheej Txheem Tseem Ceeb thiab Cov Kev Sib Tw
Los ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab kev tsom xam ntawm daim ntawv, nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias tus neeg sau tau tshaj tawm cov txheej txheem kev xav thiab kev xaiv txoj hauv kev rau kev tsim cov kua thiab tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub xeev siab:
Cov khoom siv thiab cov qauv sib txuas: los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab tsis zoo rau cov khoom siv electrolytes thiab ntim, txhua qhov sib txuas zoo sib xws;
Phased evolution: thawj zaug txwv kev hloov kho cov cuab yeej ua kua, tom qab ntawd maj mam hloov mus rau gelled lossis quasi khoom lub xeev, thiab thaum kawg txav mus rau txhua lub xeev;
Qhov "kev nyab xeeb kev ua tau zoo" daim duab peb sab sib npaug: nrhiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws nruab nrab ntawm lub zog tshwj xeeb thiab kev lag luam;
Scenario customization: Tsim kom muaj cov khoom zoo sib xyaw ua ke rau qib sib txawv ntawm lub zog (200 Wh / kg ~ 1000 Wh / kg) thiab daim ntawv thov scenarios (cov neeg caij tsheb, dav hlau, lub zog cia).
Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv lawv tus kheej, xws li lithium nplua nuj zoo electrode voltage decay, silicon tsis zoo electrode expansion, thiab solid-state interface teeb meem; Qhov no kuj yog vim qhov ntsuas ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov nqi txwv, xws li kev npaj cov nplooj ntawv ultra-thin electrode thiab tswj kev sib xws.